内分泌治疗
内分泌治疗已经成为各期乳腺癌的主要治疗模式 大多数乳腺癌的生长都受女性激素雌激素和孕激素的刺激,内分泌治疗的基本原理就是消除肿瘤所依赖的激素诱导性生长刺激作用 [1]。
- 当前的内分泌治疗模式:
- 用抗雌激素药物(如三苯氧胺)阻断雌激素受体
- 去势治疗,可通过手术(卵巢切除术、肾上腺切除或垂体切除术)、放疗、或给予促黄体激素释放激素类似物(LH-RHa)如戈舍瑞林来进行药物去势
- 用芳香化酶抑制剂(如阿那曲唑)来抑制雌激素合成
- 用药理剂量的雌激素和孕激素(如醋酸甲地孕酮)
确定病人是否适合于内分泌治疗的第一个步骤就是明确肿瘤对激素的敏感性,或者说肿瘤的激素受体状态 。
激素敏感性肿瘤含有能够与雌激素(特别是与雌二醇)或者孕激素结合的高亲和力的蛋白质受体,形成受体-激素复合物,而正是这种复合物最终激发肿瘤细胞生长。
能够表达高水平受体蛋白质的肿瘤称为雌激素受体阳性(ER阳性)和/或孕激素受体阳性(PR阳性)肿瘤。
不表达高水平受体蛋白质的肿瘤称为激素受体阴性(ER阴性和/或PR阴性)肿瘤,不可能对内分泌治疗有效 。
去除激素刺激的化学方法因病人的绝经状态而异,因为绝经前和绝经后的雌激素来源不同。用戈舍瑞林之类的LH-RH类似物 抑制卵巢功能适用于治疗绝经前妇女,而对于绝经后妇女则没有治疗价值。与之相比,用阿那曲唑等芳香化酶抑制剂来抑制外周雌激素合成对绝经后妇女有效,而对于绝经前病人则没有治疗价值 。
在这里可以查看不同内分泌疗法的药物作用机制。
- 三苯氧胺
自从1973年进入临床以来,三苯氧胺已经成为应用最广泛的乳腺癌治疗药物,其使用经验已经超过了1200万病人年 [5,8]。
在过去30年中用三苯氧胺所做的广泛临床试验表明,该药对各种乳腺癌病人都有治疗受益。在治疗非浸润性导管原位癌方面,可做为手术和放疗的辅助治疗。[9]
早期乳腺癌使用三苯氧胺在进行辅助治疗,能显著降低疾病复发和死亡的风险,也降低了对侧乳房新发乳腺癌的风险。这些受益似乎都见于淋巴结阴性和淋巴结阳性病人,与病人是否绝经无关。
目前推荐的治疗方法是用三苯氧胺辅助治疗5年[3]。三苯氧胺是晚期乳腺癌公认的内分泌治疗,对各期激素敏感性乳腺癌病人,不论病人的年龄如何,三苯氧胺都能达到有效的姑息治疗效果。 [4,6]
在乳腺癌高危病人中,三苯氧胺也是第一个能够降低乳腺癌发病率的药物[10],但在美国以外的国家并未广泛批准这种适应症。
三苯氧胺可每日一次给药,其耐受性相对较好,最常见的副作用是抗雌激素作用,包括潮热、心动过速等。但是,做为部分雌激素激动剂,这种药物还有一定的雌激素样作用。尽管这些作用在绝经后妇女中可能有一定益处,如预防骨质疏松症和心血管疾病等,但在少数病人中也能产生有害作用,主要是增加子宫内膜增生症和子宫内膜癌的危险性。 [4,6]
相关文章- The control of breast cancer: the role of tamoxifen - abstract Author(s): Forbes JF.
Journal: Seminars in Oncology 1997; 24(1 Suppl 1): S1-5-S1-19
- Tamoxifen ("Nolvadex"): a review - abstract Author(s): Clemons M, et al.
Journal: Cancer Treatment Reviews 2002 Aug;28(4):165-80
- The control of breast cancer: the role of tamoxifen - abstract Author(s): Forbes JF.
- 卵巢抑制和LH-RH类似物
在绝经前妇女中卵巢是雌激素的主要来源,手术去势(卵巢切除术)或放疗去势是这类妇女中乳腺癌治疗的方法之一[11]。但是,这种方法的病残率较高而且不可逆转[12]。最近使用了LH-RH类似物,使药物去势或药物抑制卵巢功能成为可能。[13]
LH-RH 类似物
男性和女性都有天然产生的促黄体激素释放激素(LH-RH),能够刺激垂体产生促性腺激素(卵泡刺激素FSH和黄体生成素LH)。
这些促性腺激素的主要靶器官是性腺,在女性中LH刺激卵巢分泌雌激素。LHRH类似物如戈舍瑞林和布舍瑞林,能够通过结合垂体细胞膜上的LHRH受体,而模拟天然LHRH的功能。
在与受体结合后,LH水平初期升高,然后结合的激动剂受体复合物进入垂体细胞内,从而长期抑制LH,进而抑制卵巢雌激素到绝经后水平,最终达到可逆转的药物去势。[14]
LHRH类似的给药方法是植入型皮下注射,耐受性一般良好,副作用较少,但可能有雌激素撤退症状,如闭经、潮热、阴道干燥等。 [14,15]
- 芳香化酶抑制剂
芳香化酶负责将雄激素转化成雌激素。在绝经前妇女中,卵巢是雌激素合成的主要器官,该过程受垂体下丘脑轴的控制。在绝经后妇女中,卵巢不再有功能,雌激素的主要合成途径是通过对脂肪组织、肌肉、肝脏和皮肤的内源性雄激素进行芳香化酶转化而来。在大多数乳腺癌肿瘤中(>70%)都有这种芳香化酶,这是一种细胞色素P450同工酶。
芳香化酶抑制剂与这种酶结合,抑制其活性,因此阻断了雌激素合成,血循环中的雌激素水平大幅度下降。[16,17]
在这里可以看到药物的作用机制信息。
安鲁米特是在二十世纪八十年代获得批准的第一代芳香化酶抑制剂。但由于其选择性差、副作用大而使用受限。
现在已经开发了新一代强力高选择性的芳香化酶抑制剂,分为两类。一类是非甾体型三唑类化合物,通过可逆性结合芳香化酶而产生竞争性抑制作用(如阿那曲唑和来曲唑);另一类是甾体类雄激素底物类似物,能与酶产生不可逆作用(如依西美坦)。 [18,19]
非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂如阿那曲唑和来曲唑现已广泛用于,治疗绝经后妇女晚期乳腺癌并逐渐取代三苯氧胺[20,21]。阿那曲唑的数据表明,其辅助治疗的疗效和耐受性都优于三苯氧胺。[22]
这些芳香化酶抑制剂均口服给药,与其他激素治疗一样,耐受性一般良好。最近阿那曲唑的证据表明,其子宫内膜病变的发生率低于三苯氧胺。[22]
- 黄体酮
黄体酮、醋酸甲地孕酮和甲羟基孕酮都是疗效和耐受性良好的药物,都能达到与三苯氧胺相似的肿瘤缓解。但是这些药物是甾体类药物,可导致明显体重增加和液体潴留,很多病人难以接受。这类药物适用于治疗晚期乳腺癌,主要是在芳香化酶抑制剂和/或抗雌激素治疗后无效的二线治疗或三线治疗。[26]
- 相关文章
- The control of breast cancer: the role of tamoxifen - abstract Author(s): Forbes JF.
Journal: Seminars in Oncology 1997; 24(1 Suppl 1): S1-5-S1-19
- Tamoxifen ("Nolvadex"): a review - abstract Author(s): Clemons M, et al.
Journal: Cancer Treatment Reviews 2002 Aug;28(4):165-80
- GnRH analogues in the management of early breast cancer Author(s): Michael Baum, Elizabeth Shah
Journal: Breast Cancer Online 2001; Vol 4 (July)
- Management of premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: is there a role for ovarian suppression?
Author(s): Baum M, O'Shaughnessy JA.
Journal: Clinical Journal of Breast Cancer 2002; 3(4): 260-267
- Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial
Author(s): The ATAC Trialists' Group. Arimidex, tamoxifen alone or in combination.
Journal: Lancet 2002; 359(9324): 2131-2139 [Erratum in: Lancet 2002; 360(9344): 1520]
- New generation aromatase inhibitors - from the advanced to the adjuvant setting
Author(s): Buzdar AU.
Journal: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 75 Suppl 1: S13-7
- An overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the newer generation aromatase inhibitors Anastrozole, Letrozole, and Exemestane Author(s): Buzdar AU, Robertson JF, Eiermann W, Nabholtz JM.
Journal: Cancer 2002; 95(9): 2006-16
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